Contribuições da mobilidade acadêmica internacional realizada na austrália para a formação da enfermeira no brasil / Aportes de movilidad académica internacional realizados en australia para la formación de enfermeras en brasil / Contributions of international academic mobility held in australia for the training of nurses in brazil

Objetivo: identificar as contribuições da mobilidade acadêmica internacional, realizada na Austrália, para a formação da enfermeira no Brasil. Método: estudo exploratório com abordagem qualitativa, realizado com oito ex-intercambistas do Programa Ciência sem Fronteiras. A análise foi feita pela proposta do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Resultados: a experiência ofereceu às (ex)intercambistas uma gama de oportunidades e de trocas de experiências para a formação em enfermagem. Foi apontada a rica experiência em cursar disciplinas na Austrália, comparando a metodologia Problem Based Learning com a metodologia tradicional vivenciada no Brasil e destacando seus efeitos positivos. O intercâmbio proporcionou desenvolvimento de habilidades técnico-científicas e interpessoais, vivências de sistemas comparados de saúde, além de aperfeiçoamento das competências linguísticas e de construção de compromisso ético-político-social e perspectivas profissionais futuras. Considerações finais: a mobilidade acadêmica internacional contribuiu positivamente na formação das enfermeiras brasileiras, com evidência de desenvolvimento pessoal e profissional.

Objetivo: identificar las contribuciones de la movilidad académica internacional, realizada en Australia, a la formación de enfermeras en Brasil. Método: estudio exploratorio con enfoque cualitativo, realizado con ocho ex alumnos de intercambio del programa Ciencia sin Fronteras. El análisis se realizó mediante la propuesta del Discurso del Sujeto Colectivo. Resultados: la experiencia ofreció a los estudiantes (ex)de intercambio una gama de oportunidades e intercambio de experiencias para la educación de enfermería. Se señaló la rica experiencia en el estudio de asignaturas en Australia, comparando la metodología de Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas con la metodología tradicional experimentada en Brasil y destacando sus efectos positivos. El intercambio proporcionó el desarrollo de habilidades técnico-científicas e interpersonales, experiencias de comparación de sistemas de salud, además de mejorar las habilidades lingüísticas y construir un compromiso ético-político-social y perspectivas profesionales de futuro. Consideraciones finales: la movilidad académica internacional contribuyó positivamente a la formación de enfermeras brasileñas, con evidencia de desarrollo personal y profesional.

Objective: to identify the contributions of international academic mobility, carried out in Australia, to the training of nurses in Brazil. Method: exploratory study with qualitative approach, conducted with eight former exchange students of the Science Without Borders program. The analysis was made by the proposal of the Collective Subject Discourse. Results: the experience offered (ex)exchange students a range of opportunities and exchange of experiences for nursing education. The rich experience in studying subjects in Australia was pointed out, comparing the Problem Based Learning methodology with the traditional methodology experienced in Brazil and highlighting its positive effects. The exchange provided the development of technical-scientific and interpersonal skills, experiences of comparing health systems, in addition to improving language skills and building an ethical-political-social commitment and future professional perspectives. Final considerations: international academic mobility contributed positively to the training of Brazilian nurses, with evidence of personal and professional development.

Seeking community water fluoridation information on state health department websites.

Community water fluoridation (CWF) is the most effective and equitable approach to preventing dental caries (tooth decay). Yet millions of Americans, especially those at highest risk of caries, do not know what CWF is or its preventive benefits. State health departments are responsible for educating their respective populations. Thus, this study assessed health department websites (N = 50) to determine if CWF content existed, the ease of finding it, and if it was written in plain language and for a consumer audience. We used the web component of the HLE2: The Health Literacy Environment of Hospitals and Health Centers (HLE2) to assess how easy or difficult it was to the navigate a website and find information. Forty-one websites had CWF information; 37 states had content written for a consumer audience. HLE2 scores ranged from 0 to 54 points (60 possible). Only five states had websites with a HLE2 score of 50 or higher. SHDs with higher HLE2 scores were easy to navigate and their content was written for a consumer audience. Study findings suggest most SHDs should improve their website's CWF content and its accessibility to better promote the role of fluoridated water in preventing dental caries.

Entre a igualdade e a diferença nos discursos do projeto saúde e prevenção nas escolas / Entre la igualdad y la diferencia: los engaños discursivos de la diversidad sexual en el proyecto salud y prevención en las escuelas / Between equality and difference: the sexual diversity's discursive traps at the project health and prevention at schools

Resumo A diversidade sexual tem sido uma questão amplamente discutida nos diversos espaços sociais, inclusive na escola. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o discurso jurídico acerca da diversidade sexual presente nos materiais documentais do projeto governamental brasileiro chamado Saúde e Prevenção nas Escolas. Primeiramente, são expostos os elementos teóricos e metodológicos utilizados, inspirados sobretudo na concepção do discurso de Michel Foucault. Em seguida, é feita uma exposição e discussão dos resultados encontrados, em relação ao discurso jurídico presente nos materiais analisados. Problematiza-se a presença, nos documentos, de elementos baseados em recursos da justiça, como a igualdade entre os homens, respeito às diferenças e luta contra o preconceito e a "judicialização da vida". Por fim, apresentam-se algumas considerações finais que discutem o discurso em sua função de produção de realidades, questionando o duplo jogo da defesa da igualdade e as suas ciladas.

Resumen La diversidad sexual ha sido un tema ampliamente discutido en los distintos espacios sociales, incluyendo en la escuela. El propósito de este artículo es analizar el discurso jurídico sobre la diversidad sexual en el material documental del proyecto gubernamental brasileño llamado Salud y Prevención en las Escuelas. En primer lugar, se exponen los elementos teóricos y metodológicos utilizados, inspirados sobre todo en la comprensión del discurso de Michel Foucault. Luego, se exponen y discuten los resultados encontrados en relación con el discurso jurídico presente en los materiales analizados. Se problematiza la presencia, en los documentos, de elementos basados en recursos de la justicia, como la igualdad entre los hombres, el respeto a las diferencias y lucha contra el prejuicio y la "judicialización de la vida". Por último, se presentan algunas consideraciones finales que discuten el discurso en su función de producción de realidades, cuestionando el doble juego de la defensa de la igualdad y sus trampas.

Abstract Sexual diversity has been an issue broadly discussed in many social spaces, including at school. This article's goal is to analyze the legal discourse about sexual diversity present in the documental material of the Brazilian governmental project known as Health and Prevention at Schools. First, the article exposes the the theoretical and methodological elements used, inspired especially by Michel Foucault's conception of discourse. Next, the article exposes and discusses the results found in relation to the legal discourse present in the analyzed materials. It questions the presence, in the documents, of elements based on justice resources, such as equality between men, respect for differences and fight against prejudice and the "judicialization of life". Finally, some final considerations that discuss the discourse in its realities production function are presented, questioning the defense of equality's double game and traps.

Construcción de ciudadanía: un modelo para su desarrollo en la escuela / The construction of citizenship: a model for its development in the school

Se analiza las relaciones entre ciudadanía, política y educación, y a partir de ello, se propone un modelo para la formación de ciudadanos en la escuela, para la formación de la ciudadanía que incluye: propósitos de la enseñanza, papel de los contenidos en este proceso, formas para llevar a cabo enseñanza - aprendizaje y evaluación del aprendizaje.

The relationship among citizens, politics, and education is discussed, and based on that, a model for the training of citizens in the school, for the formation of citizenship is proposed, which includes purposes of education, the role of the contents in this process, ways to carry out the teaching - learning process, and learning assessment.

The effects of socio-economic status, dengue knowledge and perception on source reduction and protective behavior in selected marginal areas of Belmopan

Dengue, a mosquito-borne disease is a major health concern worldwide. The Belize Ministry of Health mosquito control strategies include fumigating, distributing bed nets, conducting educational campaign, among other activities. The educational campaign, specifically, aims to increase both the source reduction of mosquito breeding sites and the protective behavior against mosquito bites. To understand the relationship between educational campaign and the mosquito preventative practices, a Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) survey was conducted in two marginal areas of Belmopan that were considered high risk areas for dengue by the Ministry of Health. The two marginal areas were selected through stratified sampling according to their socio-economic status and within each area the houses were then randomly selected and questions pertaining to their knowledge, attitude and preventative practices for dengue were asked. By analyzing the relationship between demographic background, knowledge, attitude, and practice using bivariate analysis the results demonstrated that although the knowledge of dengue did not have a significant impact on the preventative practice of individuals, their attitudes had. Forty-eight percent of individuals who were considered to have a high concern towards dengue were practicing preventative and protective measures against mosquitos. We conclude that more educational programs should focus on increasing the concern towards dengue along with awareness and encouragement of conducting mosquito source reduction.(AU)

HIV, syphilis, and behavioral risk factors among female sex workers before and after implementation of harm reduction programs in a high drug-using area of China.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of harm reduction programs on HIV and syphilis infection and related risk behaviors among female sex workers (FSWs) in a drug trafficking city in Southwest China. DESIGN: Before and after harm reduction program study. METHODS: Two cross-sectional surveys were conducted among FSWs before and after harm reduction programs were launched in Xichang city, Sichuan province. The first and second cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 2004 and 2010, respectively. Temporal changes in odds of HIV, syphilis, and behavioral risk factors were assessed by multivariable logistic regression while controlling for socio-demographics. RESULTS: The 2004 and 2010 cross-sectional surveys recruited 343 and 404 FSWs, respectively. From 2004 to 2010, the odds of syphilis infection decreased by 35% and was of borderline statistical significance (AOR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.41-1.03), while odds of HIV infection rose, but not significantly (AOR: 4.12, 95% CI: 0.76-22.45). Although odds of unprotected sex with primary sex partners did not significantly change over time (AOR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.61-1.50), odds of unprotected sex with clients declined significantly and remarkably (AOR: 0.14, 95% CI: 0.09-0.21). Notably, the odds of reporting ≥10 new sex partners in the previous month increased by 37% (AOR: 1.37; 95% CI: 0.98-1.90). CONCLUSIONS: Harm reduction strategies may be an effective means of reducing unprotected sex with clients among FSWs. Future research is needed to better target both FSWs and IDUs and interrupt bridging networks for HIV transmission in high drug-using areas of China.

[Ministry of Health Intensive Care Medicine Commission: proposals for the development of the discipline]. / Medicina intensiva en Chile: desafíos para su desarrollo. Documento de la Comisión Nacional de Medicina Intensiva del Ministerio de Salud.

Intensive care medicine in Chile is still in its dawn. It has experienced a progressive growth in the last decade, but continues to be weak. Although investments in the discipline have increased fivefold, there is still a severe deficiency of intensive care specialists. This issue will represent a serious problem in the near future. The Ministry of Health gathered an expert committee to study the problem and propose solutions for the future development of the discipline.

A more optimistic perspective on government-supported marriage and relationship education programs for lower income couples.

Comments on the original article by Matthew D. Johnson (see record 2012-08242-001). It is important to challenge some of Johnson's points about the effectiveness and reach of interventions to lower income couples and couples of color and his suggested prioritization of basic over applied research. With emerging findings and practical knowledge gained in lower income communities from all across the United States over the past decade, we see evidence to support optimism for the potential utility of marriage and relationship education (MRE) programs to help disadvantaged and minority couples. Accordingly, continued support for these efforts is justified. We anticipate that the potential of these first-generation programs will only increase as the research Johnson called for advances our understanding of low-income and minority couple relationships, as more programs are rigorously evaluated, and as we learn and disseminate best practices from programs now in the field.

Medicina intensiva en Chile: desafíos para su desarrollo. Documento de la Comisión Nacional de Medicina Intensiva del Ministerio de Salud / Ministry of Health Intensive Care Medicine Commission: Proposals for the development of the discipline

Intensive care medicine in Chile is still in its dawn. It has experienced a progressive growth in the last decade, but continues to be weak. Although investments in the discipline have increased fivefold, there is still a severe deficiency of intensive care specialists. This issue will represent a serious problem in the near future. The Ministry of Health gathered an expert committee to study the problem and propose solutions for the future development of the discipline.

Promoting community knowledge and action for malaria control in rural Cambodia: potential contributions of Village Malaria Workers.

BACKGROUND: Cambodia has been investing in Village Malaria Workers (VMWs) to improve malaria case management in rural areas. This study assessed the quality of the VMWs' services compared to those by a government-run health center from the perspective of community members. We focused on VMWs' contribution to promote their action to control malaria. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Kampot province in 2009. Interviews were conducted at every accessible household in a village with VMWs (n = 153) and a village with a health center (n = 159), using interviewer administered questionnaire. Preference of the interview was given to female household head. Multiple regression analyses were run to compare knowledge about malaria, preventive measures taken, and time before first malaria treatment between the two villages. FINDINGS: The villagers perceived the VMWs' services equally as good as those provided by the health center. After controlling for confounding factors, the following indicators did not show any statistical significance between two villages: community members' knowledge about malaria transmission (AOR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.30-1.22) and government-recommended antimalarial (AOR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.25-1.23), preventive measures taken (Beta = -0.191, p = 0.315), and time before the first treatment (Beta = 0.053, p = 0.721). However, knowledge about malaria symptoms was significantly lower in the village with VMWs than the village with a health center (AOR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.19-0.83). CONCLUSIONS: VMWs played an equivalent role as the health center in promoting malaria knowledge, action, and effective case management. Although VMWs need to enhance community knowledge about malaria symptoms, the current government policy on VMWs is reasonable and should be expanded to other malaria endemic villages.

What do women know about government services and benefits?

This article examines how much women know about government services and benefits and discusses why this type of knowledge matters. Using data from a survey as well as focus groups conducted in Montreal and Toronto, we show that the women who are most likely to need information about these programs are often the least likely to be aware of them. This is especially true of low-income women, older women, and women who came to Canada as immigrants. We end by suggesting some steps that could be taken to address these knowledge gaps.

Welfare policymaking and intersections of race, ethnicity, and gender in U.S. state legislatures.

Welfare policy in the American states has been shaped profoundly by race, ethnicity, and representation. Does gender matter as well? Focusing on state welfare reform in the mid-1990s, we test hypotheses derived from two alternative approaches to incorporating gender into the study of representation and welfare policymaking. An additive approach, which assumes gender and race/ethnicity are distinct and independent, suggests that female state legislators­regardless of race/ethnicity­will mitigate the more restrictive and punitive aspects of welfare reform, much like their African American and Latino counterparts do. In contrast, an intersectional approach, which highlights the overlapping and interdependent nature of gender and race/ethnicity, suggests that legislative women of color will have the strongest countervailing effect on state welfare reform­stronger than that of other women or men of color. Our empirical analyses suggest an intersectional approach yields a more accurate understanding of gender, race/ethnicity, and welfare politics in the states.

Rural income transfer programs and rural household food security in Ethiopia.

Based on household food security surveys conducted in Ethiopia, this study seeks to understand the roles and limitations of income transfer projects as determinants of households' food security. By covering the Food-For-Work Programs (FFWPs) and the Productive Safety Net Programs (PSNPs), the study shows that these programs served as temporary safety nets for food availability, but they were limited in boosting the dietary diversity of households and their coping strategies. Households which participated in the programs increased their supply of food as a temporary buffer to seasonal asset depletion. However, participation in the programs was marred by inclusion error (food-secure households were included) and exclusion error (food-insecure households were excluded). Income transfer projects alone were not robust determinants of household food security. Rather, socio-demographic variables of education and family size as well as agricultural input of land size were found to be significant in accounting for changes in households' food security. The programs in the research sites were funded through foreign aid, and the findings of the study imply the need to reexamine the approaches adopted by bilateral donors in allocating aid to Ethiopia. At the same time the study underscores the need to improve domestic policy framework in terms of engendering rural local institutional participation in project management.

O desafio da intersetorialidade: a experiência do Programa Saúde na Escola (PSE) em Manguinhos, no Município do Rio de Janeiro / The challenge of intersectionality: the experience of the School Health Program (ESP) in Manguinhos, in the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro

O Programa Saúde na Escola (PSE), instituído no Brasil em 2007, busca fortalecer as experiências desenvolvidas no ambiente escolar e promover a articulação das ações vinculadas ao Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) com a rede pública de ensino. Este estudo teve como objetivo acompanhar o processo de implementação do PSE no contexto de Manguinhos, zona norte do Município do Rio de Janeiro, no que se refere à articulação entre saúde e educação, identificando os desafios e possibilidades para a ação intersetorial, no âmbito do programa. A abordagem metodológica adotada privilegiou a análise de implementação, a partir do estudo de caso, com a realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores e profissionais das áreas da saúde, educação e assistência social; acompanhamento de reuniões e levantamento documental, no período de março de 2010 a dezembro de 2011. A pesquisa identificou fatores facilitadores e impeditivos na trajetória de implementação do PSE, identificando os atores envolvidos, suas concepções, os papéis que desempenham e as interações entre eles. Os resultados apontam que o PSE desenvolvido no município, a partir de investimentos federais e municipais, ganha uma nova característica: a expansão e o estímulo das ações de saúde na escola para todo o território, com ações descentralizadas, a partir dos Núcleos de Saúde na Escola e Creche (NSEC’s), e ações de assistência à saúde, por meio de equipes de saúde contratadas. Em Manguinhos foi possível observar que a comunicação e a articulação entre os atores locais apresentaram-se frágeis e descontínuas, principalmente após a entrada das equipes contratadas, levando à sobreposição de algumas ações no território e à sua interrupção. Em contrapartida a atuação de atores chave representou a expectativa de viabilizar parcerias e interlocuções para a construção de iniciativas envolvendo saúde e educação. O estudo aponta para a necessidade de se repensar dinâmicas e processos para o fortalecimento dessas ações locais, de forma mais articulada e sustentável; a viabilização da capacitação de técnicos, a partir de metodologias participativas; e o estímulo à participação comunitária na construção das ações e atividades voltadas para as reais necessidades da comunidade escolar.

Rats in Alberta: looking at pest-control posters from the 1950s.

How did the rat-control program, launched by the Government of Alberta in 1950, become associated with the identity and heritage of the province? The authors answer this question by undertaking close visual analyses of the anti-rat posters and pamphlets that were distributed by the government throughout the 1950s. Using a visual methodology inspired by semiotics, they argue that the early rat-control program ambitiously promoted Alberta as a unified, clean province that was both distinct from its prairie neighbours and for the most part populated with vigilant, hardworking citizens eager to remove unwanted intruders.

The Bruce Report and social welfare leadership in the politics of Toronto's "Slums", 1934­1939.

Slum clearance and rebuilding first became a serious political project in Toronto during the 1930s. Following the release of a systematic housing survey known as the Bruce Report (1934), a set of actors distinguished by their planning authority with respect to social agencies, influence over social work education, coordination of social research, and role as spokespersons of religious bodies inaugurated a political struggle over state power. While the campaign failed, it called forth a reaction from established authorities and reconfigured the local political field as it related to low-income housing. This article gives an account of these processes by drawing upon correspondence and minutes of meetings of city officials and the campaign's organizers, newspaper clippings, and published materials.

Policy experiment in Russia: cash-for-babies and fertility change.

Population decline in modern day Russia is alarmingly steep: Russia loses approximately 750 thousand people each year. To combat population decline, the Russian government instituted aggressive pro-natalist policies. The paper evaluates the capacity of new policies to change women's reproductive behavior using a socio-institutionalist theoretical framework, which analyzes the gendered interaction between the states, the labor market, and family. The paper arrives to a disappointing conclusion that while efforts to improve fertility are quite aggressive, new policies do not challenge gendered hierarchies neither in public nor in private spheres, which will further depress fertility rates of Russian women.

Getting REDD-y: conservation and climate change in Latin America.

Deforestation in Latin America, especially in the Amazon basin, is a major source of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide that contribute to global warming. Protected areas play a vital role in minimizing forest loss and in supplying key environmental services, including carbon sequestration and rainfall regulation, which mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change amid a rising tide of economic development in the region. The area of protected forest has expanded rapidly since 1980 to cover one-fifth of Latin America and more than two-fifths of Amazonia, a region whose rain forest captures some 40 percent of Latin America's carbon emissions. The reserve sector has traditionally suffered from severe underfunding, but the possibility of new resources being generated through financial compensation for "reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation" (REDD) or "avoided deforestation" under a new Kyoto protocol after 2012 could help strengthen the environmental and social roles of protected areas. However, a number of major implementation and governance challenges will need to be addressed.